f-strings & Formatting

f-strings embed values inside text — the modern standard for output:

name = "Minh"
age = 21
print(f"{name} is {age}")     # Minh is 21
print(f"Next year: {age + 1}")  # expressions allowed!

The f prefix turns the string into a template: anything inside {} is evaluated. This one feature replaces a whole zoo of older formatting tricks.

Formatting numbers

Add a format spec after ::

price = 7.5
print(f"{price:.2f}")     # 7.50  (2 decimals)
ratio = 0.876
print(f"{ratio:.0%}")     # 88%
n = 1234567
print(f"{n:,}")           # 1,234,567

Escapes and multiline

\n is a newline, \t a tab, \\ a literal backslash. For text with both quote styles or many lines, use triple quotes:

menu = '''1. Start
2. Settings
3. Quit'''